Skip to main content

Advertisement

  • Letter to the Editor
  • Open Access

Target delineation and dose prescription of adaptive replanning intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

†Contributed equally
Cancer Communications201939:18

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-019-0364-x

©  The Author(s) 2019

  • Received: 10 August 2018
  • Accepted: 4 April 2019
  • Published:

Dear Editor,

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has a distinct advantage of high conformity and is an appropriate technique for treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies have demonstrated that anatomical changes in the external contour, shape, and location of the target and critical structures are significant and result in dosimetric changes [1, 2]. Patients’ quality of life and clinical outcomes might be improved by IMRT replanning [3]. Therefore, replanning strategies should be considered instead of single-planning strategies throughout the entire course of radiotherapy. However, there are substantial controversies on (1) the appropriate time for target redelineation, (2) how to modify the target volumes, and (3) how to evaluate the modified plans. The present study provides a new perspective in replanning with regard to these three aspects.

We analyzed the data of 54 patients with newly diagnosed NPC between October 2013 and June 2016. The mean age was 45.5 years (range 18–67 years). All patients had undifferentiated non-keratinized carcinoma. According to the 7th edition of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)/American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, 6 (11.1%), 17 (31.5%), 29 (53.7%), and 2 (3.7%) patients had stage IVb, IVa, III, and II diseases, respectively. Twenty-four (44.4%) patients received induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 29 (53.7%) received concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and 1 (1.9%) received radiotherapy alone. The median duration of radiotherapy was 47 days (range 41–71 days). The median duration of interruption between two plans was 2 days (range 1–24 days). The baseline clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1

Baseline clinical characteristics of 54 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Characteristics

No of patients [cases (%)]

Sex

 Female

14 (25.9)

 Male

40 (74.1)

Treatment

 Induction and concurrent chemoradiotherapy

24 (44.4)

 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy

29 (53.7)

 Radiotherapy alone

1 (1.9)

Staging (AJCC/UICC 2010)

 T stage

  T4

14 (25.9)

  T3

24 (44.4)

  T2

9 (16.7)

  T1

7 (13.0)

 N stage

  N3b

2 (3.7)

  N3a

6 (11.1)

  N2

34 (62.9)

  N1

11 (20.4)

  N0

1 (1.9)

 M stage

  M0

54 (100)

  M1

0 (0)

 TNM stage

  IVb

6 (11.1)

  IVa

17 (31.5)

  III

29 (53.7)

  II

2 (3.7)

UICC the Union for International Cancer Control, AJCC the American Joint Committee on Cancer

In plan-I radiotherapy, computed tomography simulation (CT-I) was performed for target delineation. The gross target volume of the nasopharynx (GTVnx)-I was defined as all gross lesions determined with clinical and imaging examinations. The high-risk clinical target volume (CTV1-I) was delineated with a 1-cm margin surrounding the GTVnx-I area. The low-risk clinical target volume (CTV2-I) was delineated with a 0.5-cm margin surrounding the CTV1-I. Any metastatic retropharyngeal lymph nodes and cervical lymph nodes were delineated as GTVrpn-I and GTVnd-I [4]. CTVrpn1-I and CTVnd1-I were delineated with a 0.5- and 1.0-cm expansion from the GTVrpn-I and GTVnd-I. CTVrpn2-I and CTVnd2-I were delineated with a 0.5-cm margin surrounding CTVrpn1 and CTVnd1-I, which included the bilateral prophylactically irradiated lymphatic drainage areas. In patients undergoing induction chemotherapy, target volumes were delineated according to the tumor appearance after induction chemotherapy [5].

On the basis of results of previous studies [1, 2], we chose to perform a second CT simulation (CT-II) after the 22nd fraction of radiotherapy, leaving 3 days for radiophysicists to make plan-II. For the first 11 patients, considering the inadequate time for determining adaptive plans, we implemented the plan-II radiotherapy after the 26th fraction. For the following patients, we implemented the plan-II radiotherapy after the 25th fraction. In plan-II radiotherapy, GTVnx/rpn/nd-II was defined as all residual diseases; CTV1/rpn1/nd1-II was the same as CTV1/rpn1/nd1-I; and CTV2/rpn2/nd2-II was not delineated (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Illustration of target delineation in plan-I and plan-II. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-I acquired before plan-I radiotherapy with cross-sectional T2-weighted images, T1-weighted images, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (T1 + C) images shows the primary tumor, which locates on the left side of the upper wall and extends into the nasal cavity, left medial pterygoid plate, and navicular fossa. In plan-I radiotherapy, the gross target volume of primary tumor (GTVnx-I) was outlined (red line). Clinical target volume 1-I (CTV1-I) (green line) is delineated with a 1.0-cm margin surrounding GTVnx-I. Clinical target volume 2-I (CTV2-I) (blue line) is delineated with a 0.5-cm margin surrounding CTV1-I. MRI-II acquired after 22 fractions of irradiation shows that the tumor greatly regressed. In plan-II radiotherapy, the residual tumor is delineated as GTVnx-II (red line). The regressing areas of the intracavitary area, the left medial pterygoid plate, and the navicular fossa lesion are included not in GTVnx-II but in CTV1-II (green line), which maintains the same as CTV1-I. CTV2-II is not delineated. GTVnx-I was copied to the CT-II for comparison (purple line)

A 3- to 5-mm margin surrounding the above targets was required for the delineation of the planning target volumes (PGTVnx, PGTVrpn, PGTVnd, PCTV1, and PCTV2).

Before June 2014, the doses prescribed were as follows: GTVnx/rpn/nd-I, 57 Gy in 26 fractions at 2.19 Gy/fraction; PCTV1/rpn1/nd1-I, 50 Gy in 26 fractions at 1.92 Gy/fraction; PCTV2/rpn2/nd2-I, 46–47 Gy in 26 fractions at 1.77–1.81 Gy/fraction; PGTVnx/rpn/nd-II, 11 Gy in 5 fractions at 2.2 Gy/fraction; PCTV1/rpn1/nd1-II, 10 Gy in 5 fractions at 2.0 Gy/fraction.

After June 2014, the doses prescribed were as follows: PGTVnx/rpn/nd-I, 53–54 Gy in 25 fractions at 2.12–2.16 Gy/fraction; PCTV1/rpn1/nd1-I, 47.5 Gy in 25 fractions at 1.90 Gy/fraction; PCTV2/rpn2/nd2-I, 45 Gy in 25 fractions at 1.8 Gy/fraction; PGTVnx/rpn/nd-II, 15–15.5 Gy in 7 fractions at 2.14–2.21 Gy/fraction; PCTV1/rpn1/nd1-II, 13.5 Gy in 7 fractions at 1.93 Gy/fraction.

The target delineation and dose prescription of organs at risk (OARs), including the brain stem, spinal cord, and optic chiasm, were performed according to Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0225 protocol [4]. Under the dose tolerance limit requirements of the RTOG 0225 protocol [4], the dose constraints for OARs were calculated via multiplying the dose tolerance limit (Dtolerance limit) by the percentage of dose of each plan in total dose.

The average weights of the patients were 61.2 ± 9.3 kg before radiotherapy and 58.2 ± 9.0 kg after the 22nd fraction of irradiation, without significant weight reduction (P > 0.05). GTVnx, GTVnd-R, volumes of bilateral parotids, and volumes of bilateral submandibular glands showed significant reductions after 22 fractions of irradiation (all P < 0.05), whereas other volume changes were not significant (Additional file 1: Table S1).

Nearly 100% of PGTV was irradiated with 95% of the prescription dose of PGTVnx in the two plans. No significant differences in the percentage of the mean dose (Dmean) in the total dose (Dmean%) of PGTVnx, bilateral PGTVrpn, or bilateral PGTVnd were observed between the two plans. Among the evaluated OARs, Dmean% values of the brain stem, spinal cord, optic chiasm, pituitary, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and thyroid gland were significantly different between plan-I and plan-II (P < 0.05) (Additional file 1: Table S2).

Adverse events were evaluated based on RTOG acute radiation morbidity scoring criteria. Grade 1–2 adverse events were mainly observed in the skin, oral mucosa, and salivary glands, whereas grade 0 adverse events were mainly observed in the hypopharynx mucosa and larynx mucosa. Grade 3 leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 18 (33.30%), 13 (24.07%), and 5 (9.25%) patients, respectively; 1 (1.85%) developed grade 4 neutropenia.

The median follow-up period was 30 months (range 3–44 months). Three patients developed distant metastasis, and 4 developed locoregional failure, but none occurred in the regression area. The 3-year overall survival, local recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 93.3%, 90.5%, and 91.4%, respectively.

Few studies have described the target redelineation in detail for replanning or modified dose prescription for tumor regression areas. Hansen et al. [6] used the same GTV in plan-II without extending it beyond the skin contour or into adjacent normal structures. Chitapanarux et al. [7] recontoured the GTV-II by removing the air cavity formed due to tumor shrinkage while maintaining the other dimensions of GTV-I. CTV-II was adapted by excluding the air cavity and noninvolved tissues. According to basic research and the results of definitive irradiation for NPC [8], a dose of 60 Gy delivered to subclinical lesions achieved good treatment efficacy. In the present study, upon disappearance/dissolution of tumor areas, the initial location of the tumor were included in CTV1-II, and the total dose delivered to the disappeared part of GTVnx-I after radiotherapy was over 65 Gy. Our follow-up results showed that no recurrence occurred in the regression areas of GTVnx/rpn/nd-I which were delineated as CTV1/rpn1/nd1-II, and the 3-year survival rate was not decreased as compared with previously reported outcomes [9]. CTV2 was not prescribed any dose in plan-II, whereas a total dose of 45–47 Gy in 25–26 fractions was prescribed for CTV2 in plan-I. Historically, the suggested dose for microscopic sterilization was 45–50 Gy at 1.8–2 Gy/fraction [10]. Zhang et al. [11] analyzed prognostic factors of 1302 NPC patients based on a 10-year follow-up and found that the 5- and 10-year survival rates of patients without cervical lymph node metastasis who underwent 40–45 Gy irradiation were similar to those of patients with clinical adenopathy who underwent 50–60 Gy irradiation. The present study showed no recurrence in the CTV2 area. This outcome needs to be confirmed in long-term follow-up.

According to the principle of radiobiology, the tumor-killing effect of radiation is related to not only the fractionated dose but also the total dose. Wang et al. [2] and Yang et al. [3] used the same dose fractionation for each target volume in plan-II as that in plan-I, which may facilitate a simple superposition assessment of the doses between plans. Fung et al. [12] used the same dose fractionation, 2.1 Gy/fraction, for plan-I and plan-II over 7 weeks and used a higher dose fractionation, 3.5–3.7 Gy/fraction, for plan-III. The total dose for the three plans was as large as 80.9 Gy in 37 fractions or 84 Gy in 38 fractions, but the efficacy or toxic adverse effects of radiotherapy were not reported. The dose hyperfractionation in plan-II might increase the possibility of late reaction tissue damage and may elicit serious sequelae. In the present study, a higher dose per fraction was prescribed for GTVnx-II and CTV1-II with the intention of increasing the biological effect of radiation and improving therapeutic effect.

In conclusion, our adaptive replanning IMRT for patients with NPC provides a new perspective on target redelineation and dose prescription, as it would demonstrate a significant dosimetric and clinical benefits without recurrence and reduction in survival.

Notes

Abbreviations

NPC: 

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

IMRT: 

intensity-modulated radiotherapy

GTV: 

gross tumor volume

nx: 

nasopharynx

nd: 

lymph node

rpn: 

retropharyngeal lymph node

R: 

right

L: 

left

CTV: 

clinical target volume

Dmean: 

mean dose

OARs: 

organs at risk

LRRFS: 

locoregional failure-free survival

DMFS: 

distant failure-free survival

OS: 

overall survival

RTOG: 

Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

Declarations

Authors’ contributions

DHX, WQC, YS: study conception and design; DHX, WQC, YS, SWL: manuscript preparation and editing; DHX, WQC, SWL, RZ, JH, SMH, MLW: data acquisition; DHX, LW: statistical analysis; YS, YFX: quality control of data and algorithms, manuscript review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study were uploaded onto the Research Data Deposit public platform (http://www.researchdata.org.cn), with the RDD approval number RDDA2018000575.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients with respect to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and clinical data management for research purposes.

Funding

The authors declare that they have no funding.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong Feng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
(2)
Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528399, Guangdong, P. R. China
(3)
Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, P. R. China
(4)
Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, Guangdong, P. R. China

References

  1. Gai X, Wei Y, Tao H, Zhu J, Li B. Clinical study of the time of repeated computed tomography and replanning for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8(16):27529–40.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  2. Wang W, Yang H, Hu W, Shan G, Ding W, Yu C, et al. Clinical study of the necessity of replanning before the 25th fraction during the course of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(2):617–21.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  3. Yang H, Hu W, Wang W, Chen P, Ding W, Luo W. Replanning during intensity modulated radiation therapy improved quality of life in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(1):e47–54.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  4. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 02-25. https://www.rtog.org/ClinicalTrials/ProtocolTable/StudyDetails.aspx?study=0225. Accessed 27 Mar 2019.
  5. Wang L, Wu Z, Xie D, Zeng R, Cheng W, Hu J, et al. Reduction of target volume and the corresponding dose for the tumor regression field after induction chemotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat. 2018. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.250.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
  6. Hansen EK, Bucci MK, Quivey JM, Weinberg V, Xia P. Repeat CT imaging and replanning during the course of IMRT for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(2):355–62.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  7. Chitapanarux I, Chomprasert K, Nobnaop W, Wanwilairat S, Tharavichitkul E, Jakrabhandu S, et al. A dosimetric comparison of two-phase adaptive intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. J Radiat Res. 2015;56(3):529–38.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  8. Mcbride WH, Withers HR. Biologic basis of radiation oncology. In: Perez CA, editor. Principles and practice of radiation oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. p. 236.Google Scholar
  9. Fang FM, Chien CY, Tsai WL, Chen HC, Hsu HC, Lui CC, et al. Quality of life and survival outcome for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receiving three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy vs. intensity-modulated radiotherapy—a longitudinal study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(2):356–64.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  10. Xue F, Hu C, He X. Long-term patterns of regional failure for nasopharyngeal carcinoma following intensity-modulated radiation therapy. J Cancer. 2017;8(6):993–9.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  11. Zhang EP, Lian PG, Cai KL, Chen YF, Cai MD, Zheng XF, et al. Radiation therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic factors based on a 10-year follow-up of 1302 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16(2):301–5.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
  12. Fung WW, Wu VW, Teo PM. Dosimetric evaluation of a three-phase adaptive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma using helical tomotherapy. Med Dosim. 2012;37(1):92–7.View ArticleGoogle Scholar

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2019

Advertisement

Cancer Communications

ISSN: 2523-3548

Contact us