Segmental ureteroileal conduit resection for the treatment of distal upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following cystectomy
- Shu-Xiong Zeng†1,
- Xin Lu†1,
- Wei-Dong Xu†1,
- Zhen-Sheng Zhang1,
- Hai-Hang Li2,
- Ying-Hao Sun1Email author and
- Chuan-Liang Xu1Email author
Received: 10 August 2015
Accepted: 2 December 2015
Published: 21 January 2016
Abstract
Segmental ureterectomy is less invasive than radical nephroureterectomy and results in nephron preservation and satisfactory tumor control. This study was to determine the feasibility of segmental ureteroileal conduit resection (SUICR) for patients with distal upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. Four patients with high-grade distal upper urinary tract recurrence underwent SUICR 15–108 months after radical cystectomy. The surgical technique details of SUICR, operative results, and follow-up outcomes are reported. The median operation time was 280 min, and estimated blood loss was less than 100 mL. One patient suffered from ileus 5 days after surgery and was managed conservatively. Histopathologic evaluation showed high-grade stages pTa-pT1 diseases for these patients, and ureteral margins were all negative. No patient suffered from tumor recurrence, with a median follow-up of 39 months. SUICR preserved the ipsilateral renal unit and conformed to oncological principles during surgery. The oncological outcome was satisfactory for these properly selected patients. This technique provides a valid alternative to nephroureterectomy for patients with imperative indications and high-grade upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy.
Keywords
Background
Upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy is extremely rare, with a reported incidence ranging from 0.75% to 6.4% after cystectomy [1, 2]. The characteristics of the clinical course of upper urinary tract recurrence are thus not yet fully understood. As urothelial carcinoma is a multifocal disease affecting the entire urothelium, radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision is the standard treatment for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract regardless of the location of the tumor because it eliminates the risk of ipsilateral recurrence [1]. However, RNU increases the risk of renal function decline and cardiovascular events and affects the eligibility for adjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, patients undergoing RNU are still at life-long risk of upper urinary tract recurrence in the remaining renal unit [2, 3]. As a result, renal-sparing surgeries for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, e.g., segmental ureterectomy, laser endoscopic ablation, and percutaneous tumor ablation, have been developed for patients under certain conditions [4–7]. The long-term survival rates of patients after RNU and renal-sparing surgery were comparable in several retrospective studies with long-term follow-up [3, 5, 8, 9]. In addition, renal-sparing management is more cost-effective than RNU [10]. Even for patients with a normal contralateral kidney, by sparing the ipsilateral kidney, more patients will be eligible for and benefit from adjuvant or salvage chemotherapy if it is required [6, 11].
Segmental ureterectomy is recommended by The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for properly selected patients, e.g., renal insufficiency, solitary functional kidney, and low-grade middle or distal ureteral tumors [12]. Unlike other conservative treatments of upper urinary tract recurrence, such as endoscopic ablation, segmental ureterectomy is the only renal-sparing procedure that enables intraoperative analysis of excision margins and accurate histopathologic examination, both of which are crucial for predicting prognosis [6, 8]. Furthermore, the largest retrospective series involving 2044 patients showed that the 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was comparable between segmental ureterectomy and RNU groups, suggesting that segmental ureterectomy did not undermine cancer control outcomes [7]. This result was also confirmed by several other multicenter retrospective studies [3, 8, 11].
To the best of our knowledge, there are few studies applying segmental ureterectomy for patients with upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy, as this is an extremely rare disease requiring proficient surgical technique. The present study aimed to introduce the technique of segmental ureteroileal conduit resection (SUICR) for the treatment of distal upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy.
Case report
Clinical features of four patients with distal upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following cystectomy
Patient | Age (years) | Gender | Pathologic result of radical cystectomya | Duration from cystectomy to recurrence (months) | Recurrence locationb | Reasons for tumor detection | Indications for SUICR | Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preoperative | Postoperativec | ||||||||
1 | 73 | Male | G3 with CIS, T1N0M0 | 34 | Right, distal | Microscopic hematuria | Solitary kidney | 132 | 129 |
2 | 68 | Male | G3, T2N0M0 | 28 | Right, distal | Hematuria | Solitary kidney | 110 | 116 |
3 | 64 | Male | G3, T1N0M0 | 15 | Left, distal | Hematuria and positive urinary cytology | Solitary kidney | 96 | 101 |
4 | 66 | Male | G3, T2N0M0 | 108 | Right, distal | Hematuria and positive urinary cytology | Declined renal function caused by hydronephrosis | 354 | 136 |
Segmental ureteroileal conduit resection procedures. a. The ileal conduit (black arrow) and the affected ureter (white arrow) were exposed. b. The ureters and ileal conduit were segmentally removed. c. The transected ureter was reanastomosesed to the residual ileal conduit. d. Drainage catheters were placed in the lower abdomen and stoma
Schematic drawing of the segmental ureteroileal conduit resection technique. a and b, The tumor to be segmentally removed (indicates by the dashed line). c and d, Patients after segmental ureteroileal conduit resection operation
Results of patients who underwent SUICR
Patient | Operation duration (min) | Estimated blood loss (mL) | Complications in hospital | Length of hospital stay (days) | Pathologic result | Survival after SUICR (months) | Long-term complication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 300 | <100 | None | 6 | G3, T1N0M0 | 66 | None |
2 | 240 | <100 | None | 5 | G3, TaN0M0 | 46 | Ureteroileal conduit anastomosis stricture |
3 | 320 | <100 | Ileus | 8 | G3, T1N0M0 | 32 | None |
4 | 260 | <100 | None | 5 | G3, TaN0M0 | 13 | None |
Postoperative surveillance consisted of urinalysis, serum creatinine detection, and urinary system ultrasonography every 3 months in the first year and every 6 months thereafter. Urinary cytology, abdominal computed tomography, intravenous urography, or magnetic resonance urography was performed every 6 months in the first 3 years and annually thereafter. Flexible cystoscopy and ureteroscopy were only indicated in cases of suspicious urinary cytology and radiological imaging.
Patients were followed for a median of 39 months (range, 13–66 months), and all of them were still alive. No upper urothelial carcinoma recurrence or declined renal function was diagnosed. One patient suffered from ureteroileal conduit anastomotic stricture 11 months after SUICR, and was successfully treated with ureteral stent dilations and retrograde placement of single-J stent guided by flexible cystoscope [16].
Discussion
In the present study, we conformed to the oncological principles of segmental ureterectomy and modified this technique to treat properly selected patients with upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy. The major advantage of this modified technique was to preserve the function of the kidney. The conduit was not completely removed to perform ureterocutaneostomy because the ureter was not long enough to reach tension-free anastomosis after the distal portion was removed. Four patients underwent SUICR. Three of them had a solitary kidney, and one had renal function insufficiency due to hydroureteronephrosis caused by suspicious distal ureter tumor recurrence on both sides. None of these patients developed tumor recurrence, with a median follow-up of 39 months. These results suggest that SUICR is promising for properly selected patients with upper urinary tract recurrence, and it can achieve valid tumor control.
The reported incidence of urothelial tumors of the distal ureter (70%) is higher than that of the middle (25%) or proximal ureter (5%) [17, 18]. Urothelial tumors of the distal ureter were more likely to be solitary, small, and low-risk than those in the upper parts. They recur less frequently, and endoscopic treatment might thus be proposed for low-grade tumors [18]. For high-grade upper urinary tract recurrence, a more aggressive treatment modality is needed. As a result, SUICR might be a valuable alternative to RNU for patients with high-grade distal upper urinary tract recurrence and imperative indications. Selecting patients who would benefit more from this technique remains a challenge, and the technique is generally only recommended for patients with imperative indications. However, Jeldres et al. [7] suggested that segmental ureterectomy might be suitable for all patients with urothelial tumors when it was technically feasible, even including carefully selected patients with stage T3 or T4 disease. In contrast, Li et al. [19] recommended segmental ureterectomy only for patients with unilateral low-grade and noninvasive tumors, as patients who underwent distal ureterectomy had shorter recurrence-free survival compared with patients who underwent RNU.
SUICR is a complex technique because of the extensive adhesion and altered anatomy in the abdomen. To assure a satisfactory outcome, attention needs to be paid to several important points. First, to minimize the risk of tumor spillage, direct contact with the tumor should be avoided, and blockage proximal and distal to the tumor, with at least 2-cm safe margin, should be performed when the ureter and ileal conduit are adequately freed. Second, iliac vessels and intestines should be carefully protected when performing enterolysis and releasing the ureter and ileal conduit from adjacent tissues. Third, to achieve tension-free ureteroileal conduit anastomosis, the ureter should be freed as long as possible, and a new ileal conduit should be constructed if required. Last but not least, as urothelial carcinoma is a multifocal disease, patients should be willing to follow stringent surveillance. Although patients who underwent segmental ureterectomy were advised to adhere to more-aggressive life-long surveillance, the optimum regimen for upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy remains controversial [20, 21]. The majority of upper urinary tract recurrence was detected based on symptoms rather than radiological or cytological surveillance. Approximately 800 radiological examinations were performed to identify only one patient with upper urinary tract recurrence [21–23]. Limitations of the SUICR technique should be addressed. Although the oncological outcome in our modified technique was satisfactory, only four patients underwent our modified technique, with no control group. This was due to the paucity of upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy, and RNU was still regarded as the standard treatment. Meanwhile, whether SUICR could be successfully performed also depends on the previous operation style and intraoperative exploration. However, this study primarily introduced an alternative technique for urologists to address some challenging tasks of upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy, and patients were also likely to benefit from this treatment.
Conclusions
SUICR preserves the ipsilateral renal unit and conforms to oncological principles during surgery. Although this technique is technically demanding, it is less complex and invasive than RNU. Moreover, the oncological outcome of this technique is satisfactory for properly selected patients. In aggregate, SUICR provides a valid alternative to RNU for patients with imperative indications and high-grade upper urinary tract recurrence of bladder cancer following radical cystectomy.
Notes
Declarations
Authors’ contributions
CLX and YHS designed and performed the operation. SXZ and XL drafted the manuscript. WDX and ZSZ revised the manuscript. HHL drew figures. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the foundation of Excellent Academic Leaders of Shanghai (XBR2013076).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Authors’ Affiliations
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