Table 1 Baseline clinicopathologic characteristics for the training and validation cohorts of patients who underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Age [years; median (IQR)]

52.00 (43.00–60.00)

51.00 (43.00–60.00)

52.50 (44.00–60.25)

Sex [cases (%)]

 Male

379 (87.73)

285 (87.96)

94 (87.04)

 Female

53 (12.27)

39 (12.04)

14 (12.96)

Hepatitis B surface antigen [cases (%)]

 Present

369 (85.42)

276 (85.19)

93 (86.11)

 Absent

63 (14.58)

48 (14.81)

15 (13.89)

Child–Pugh score [cases (%)]

 5

359 (83.10)

268 (82.72)

91 (84.26)

 6

69 (15.97)

53 (16.36)

16 (14.81)

 7

4 (0.93)

3 (0.93)

1 (0.93)

AFP [ng/mL; median (IQR)]

91.45 (6.39–1705.00)

93.89 (6.79–1573.50)

78.82 (5.00–2231.75)

CA19-9 [ng/mL; median (IQR)]

19.24 (10.44–33.99)

20.18 (11.05–34.42)

15.96 (8.58–30.32)

AST (IU/L; mean ± SD)

41.50 ± 33.02

41.88 ± 35.45

40.36 ± 24.43

ALT (IU/L; mean ± SD)

41.93 ± 34.14

43.25 ± 37.22

38.00 ± 22.18

Hemoglobin (g/L; mean ± SD)

154.56 ± 193.60

157.11 ± 223.40

146.93 ± 13.97

Albumin (g/dL; mean ± SD)

43.28 ± 3.34

43.22 ± 3.41

43.47 ± 3.11

Bilirubin (mg/dL; mean ± SD)

13.32 ± 4.94

13.31 ± 4.95

13.36 ± 4.96

Platelet count (× 10³/mm³; mean ± SD)

185.62 ± 72.00

184.02 ± 67.22

190.45 ± 84.93

Prothrombin time (INR; mean ± SD)

1.01 ± 0.08

1.02 ± 0.08

1.01 ± 0.08

HBV-DNA copy number (Log; mean ± SD)

2.46 ± 2.41

2.54 ± 2.42

2.22 ± 2.38

Bleeding [mL; median (IQR)]

200 (100–400)

200.00 (100–400)

275.00 (100–500)

Hospital stay (days; mean ± SD)

11.64 ± 3.87

11.67 ± 3.83

11.55 ± 3.98

Operation time (min; mean ± SD)

157.32 ± 58.95

155.02 ± 57.54

164.23 ± 62.77

Portal vein embolization [cases (%)]

 Yes

143 (33.10)

107 (33.02)

36 (33.33)

 No

289 (66.90)

217 (66.98)

72 (66.67)

Tumor size [cm; median (IQR)]

5.00 (3.00–8.00)

5.00 (2.95–8.00)

4.00 (3.00–8.00)

Tumor location [cases (%)]^a

 Central

270 (62.5)

194 (59.9)

76 (70.4)

 Non-central

162 (37.5)

130 (40.1)

32 (29.6)

Tumor lesions [cases (%)]

 1

320 (74.07)

236 (72.84)

84 (77.78)

 2–3

112 (25.93)

88 (27.16)

24 (22.22)

Liver macronodular cirrhosis [cases (%)]

 None

111 (25.69)

87 (26.85)

24 (22.22)

 Light

304 (70.37)

226 (69.75)

78 (72.22)

 Medium

14 (3.24)

8 (2.47)

6 (5.56)

 Heavy

3 (0.69)

3 (0.93)

0 (0.00)

Cancer cell differentiation [cases (%)]

 Low

213 (49.31)

162 (50.00)

51 (47.22)

 Medium

205 (47.45)

151 (46.60)

54 (50.00)

 High

14 (3.24)

11 (3.40)

3 (2.78)

Tumor thrombus [cases (%)]

 Present

36 (8.33)

29 (8.95)

7 (6.48)

 Absent

396 (91.67)

295 (91.05)

101 (93.52)

MVI [cases (%)]

 Present

175 (40.51)

136 (41.98)

39 (36.11)

 Absent

257 (59.49)

188 (58.02)

69 (63.89)

Surgical procedure [cases (%)]

 Irregular

263 (60.88)

200 (61.73)

63 (58.33)

 Regular

169 (39.12)

124 (38.27)

45 (41.67)

Tumor encapsulation [cases (%)]

 No

153 (35.42)

119 (36.73)

34 (31.48)

 Incomplete

109 (25.23)

79 (24.38)

30 (27.78)

 Complete

170 (39.35)

126 (38.89)

44 (40.74)

Tumor boundary [cases (%)]

 Clear

396 (91.67)

295 (91.05)

101 (93.52)

 Unclear

36 (8.33)

29 (8.95)

7 (6.48)

8th AJCC T stage [cases (%)]

 T1a

66 (15.28)

44 (13.58)

22 (20.37)

 T1b

142 (32.87)

104 (32.10)

38 (35.19)

 T2

157 (36.34)

123 (37.96)

34 (31.48)

 T3

65 (15.05)

51 (15.74)

14 (12.96)

 T4

2 (0.46)

2 (0.62)

0 (0.00)

BCLC stage [cases (%)]

 0

31 (7.18)

23 (7.10)

8 (7.41)

 A1

289 (66.90)

213 (65.74)

76 (70.37)

 A2

18 (4.17)

15 (4.63)

3 (2.78)

 B

94 (21.76)

73 (22.53)

21 (19.44)

Follow-up time [months; median (IQR)]

14.38 (4.60–29.38)

13.58 (4.49–26.41)

23.10 (6.63–32.79)