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Table 1 Baseline clinicopathologic characteristics for the training and validation cohorts of patients who underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma
| Variable | Overall cohort (n = 432) | Training cohort (n = 324) | Validation cohort (n = 108) | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years; median (IQR)] | 52.00 (43.00–60.00) | 51.00 (43.00–60.00) | 52.50 (44.00–60.25) | 0.683 |
| Sex [cases (%)] | 0.933 | |||
| Male | 379 (87.73) | 285 (87.96) | 94 (87.04) | |
| Female | 53 (12.27) | 39 (12.04) | 14 (12.96) | |
| Hepatitis B surface antigen [cases (%)] | 0.937 | |||
| Present | 369 (85.42) | 276 (85.19) | 93 (86.11) | |
| Absent | 63 (14.58) | 48 (14.81) | 15 (13.89) | |
| Child–Pugh score [cases (%)] | 0.931 | |||
| 5 | 359 (83.10) | 268 (82.72) | 91 (84.26) | |
| 6 | 69 (15.97) | 53 (16.36) | 16 (14.81) | |
| 7 | 4 (0.93) | 3 (0.93) | 1 (0.93) | |
| AFP [ng/mL; median (IQR)] | 91.45 (6.39–1705.00) | 93.89 (6.79–1573.50) | 78.82 (5.00–2231.75) | 0.482 |
| CA19-9 [ng/mL; median (IQR)] | 19.24 (10.44–33.99) | 20.18 (11.05–34.42) | 15.96 (8.58–30.32) | 0.692 |
| AST (IU/L; mean ± SD) | 41.50 ± 33.02 | 41.88 ± 35.45 | 40.36 ± 24.43 | 0.680 |
| ALT (IU/L; mean ± SD) | 41.93 ± 34.14 | 43.25 ± 37.22 | 38.00 ± 22.18 | 0.167 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L; mean ± SD) | 154.56 ± 193.60 | 157.11 ± 223.40 | 146.93 ± 13.97 | 0.636 |
| Albumin (g/dL; mean ± SD) | 43.28 ± 3.34 | 43.22 ± 3.41 | 43.47 ± 3.11 | 0.498 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL; mean ± SD) | 13.32 ± 4.94 | 13.31 ± 4.95 | 13.36 ± 4.96 | 0.916 |
| Platelet count (× 103/mm3; mean ± SD) | 185.62 ± 72.00 | 184.02 ± 67.22 | 190.45 ± 84.93 | 0.422 |
| Prothrombin time (INR; mean ± SD) | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 1.02 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 0.264 |
| HBV-DNA copy number (Log; mean ± SD) | 2.46 ± 2.41 | 2.54 ± 2.42 | 2.22 ± 2.38 | 0.233 |
| Bleeding [mL; median (IQR)] | 200 (100–400) | 200.00 (100–400) | 275.00 (100–500) | 0.834 |
| Hospital stay (days; mean ± SD) | 11.64 ± 3.87 | 11.67 ± 3.83 | 11.55 ± 3.98 | 0.774 |
| Operation time (min; mean ± SD) | 157.32 ± 58.95 | 155.02 ± 57.54 | 164.23 ± 62.77 | 0.160 |
| Portal vein embolization [cases (%)] | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 143 (33.10) | 107 (33.02) | 36 (33.33) | |
| No | 289 (66.90) | 217 (66.98) | 72 (66.67) | |
| Tumor size [cm; median (IQR)] | 5.00 (3.00–8.00) | 5.00 (2.95–8.00) | 4.00 (3.00–8.00) | 0.932 |
| Tumor location [cases (%)]a | 0.066 | |||
| Central | 270 (62.5) | 194 (59.9) | 76 (70.4) | |
| Non-central | 162 (37.5) | 130 (40.1) | 32 (29.6) | |
| Tumor lesions [cases (%)] | 0.375 | |||
| 1 | 320 (74.07) | 236 (72.84) | 84 (77.78) | |
| 2–3 | 112 (25.93) | 88 (27.16) | 24 (22.22) | |
| Liver macronodular cirrhosis [cases (%)] | 0.248 | |||
| None | 111 (25.69) | 87 (26.85) | 24 (22.22) | |
| Light | 304 (70.37) | 226 (69.75) | 78 (72.22) | |
| Medium | 14 (3.24) | 8 (2.47) | 6 (5.56) | |
| Heavy | 3 (0.69) | 3 (0.93) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Cancer cell differentiation [cases (%)] | 0.811 | |||
| Low | 213 (49.31) | 162 (50.00) | 51 (47.22) | |
| Medium | 205 (47.45) | 151 (46.60) | 54 (50.00) | |
| High | 14 (3.24) | 11 (3.40) | 3 (2.78) | |
| Tumor thrombus [cases (%)] | 0.546 | |||
| Present | 36 (8.33) | 29 (8.95) | 7 (6.48) | |
| Absent | 396 (91.67) | 295 (91.05) | 101 (93.52) | |
| MVI [cases (%)] | 0.336 | |||
| Present | 175 (40.51) | 136 (41.98) | 39 (36.11) | |
| Absent | 257 (59.49) | 188 (58.02) | 69 (63.89) | |
| Surgical procedure [cases (%)] | 0.608 | |||
| Irregular | 263 (60.88) | 200 (61.73) | 63 (58.33) | |
| Regular | 169 (39.12) | 124 (38.27) | 45 (41.67) | |
| Tumor encapsulation [cases (%)] | 0.586 | |||
| No | 153 (35.42) | 119 (36.73) | 34 (31.48) | |
| Incomplete | 109 (25.23) | 79 (24.38) | 30 (27.78) | |
| Complete | 170 (39.35) | 126 (38.89) | 44 (40.74) | |
| Tumor boundary [cases (%)] | 0.546 | |||
| Clear | 396 (91.67) | 295 (91.05) | 101 (93.52) | |
| Unclear | 36 (8.33) | 29 (8.95) | 7 (6.48) | |
| 8th AJCC T stage [cases (%)] | 0.320 | |||
| T1a | 66 (15.28) | 44 (13.58) | 22 (20.37) | |
| T1b | 142 (32.87) | 104 (32.10) | 38 (35.19) | |
| T2 | 157 (36.34) | 123 (37.96) | 34 (31.48) | |
| T3 | 65 (15.05) | 51 (15.74) | 14 (12.96) | |
| T4 | 2 (0.46) | 2 (0.62) | 0 (0.00) | |
| BCLC stage [cases (%)] | 0.731 | |||
| 0 | 31 (7.18) | 23 (7.10) | 8 (7.41) | |
| A1 | 289 (66.90) | 213 (65.74) | 76 (70.37) | |
| A2 | 18 (4.17) | 15 (4.63) | 3 (2.78) | |
| B | 94 (21.76) | 73 (22.53) | 21 (19.44) | |
| Follow-up time [months; median (IQR)] | 14.38 (4.60–29.38) | 13.58 (4.49–26.41) | 23.10 (6.63–32.79) | 0.012 |
