Table 3 The proportion of incident cancer cases attributable to risk factors by sex in China, UK, and USA
From: Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 Global Cancer Statistics?
Risk factorsa | Population attributable fraction (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
China (2013) [8] | UK (2015) [7] | USA (2014) [9] | |
Both sexes | |||
All risk factors | 38.5 | 37.7 | 42.0 |
Smoking | 14.8 | 15.1 | 19.0 |
Second-hand smoking | 1.9 | NA | 0.4 |
High BMI | 2.9 | 6.3 | 7.8 |
Alcohol | 2.9 | 3.3 | 5.6 |
Ultraviolet radiation | NA | 3.8 | 4.7 |
Physical inactivity | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.9 |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 5.7 | NA | 1.9 |
Low fiber | NA | 3.3 | 0.9 |
Processed meat | NA | 1.5 | 0.8 |
Infection | 16.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
HBV infection | 7.2 | NA | 0.1 |
HCV infection | 1.2 | NA | 0.4 |
HPV infection | 2.9 | NA | 1.8 |
H. pylori infection | 4.8 | NA | 0.5 |
Males | |||
All risk factors | 47.3 | 38.6 | 42.5 |
Smoking | 24.5 | 17.7 | 23.6 |
Second-hand smoking | 0.7 | NA | 0.4 |
High BMI | 2.7 | 5.2 | 4.8 |
Alcohol | 4.8 | 3.1 | 4.8 |
Ultraviolet radiation | NA | 3.8 | 5.8 |
Physical inactivity | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 6.8 | NA | 2.2 |
Low fiber | NA | 3.1 | 0.9 |
Processed meat | NA | 2.1 | 1.1 |
Infection | 17.7 | 3.1 | 3.3 |
HBV infection | 9.5 | NA | 0.1 |
HCV infection | 1.5 | NA | 0.8 |
HPV infection | 0.2 | NA | 1.2 |
H. pylori infection | 5.7 | NA | 0.4 |
Females | |||
All risk factors | 27.8 | 36.8 | 41.5 |
Smoking | 2.4 | 12.4 | 14.5 |
Second-hand smoking | 3.4 | NA | 0.3 |
High BMI | 3.1 | 7.5 | 10.9 |
Alcohol | 0.5 | 3.5 | 6.4 |
Ultraviolet radiation | NA | 3.7 | 3.7 |
Physical inactivity | 1.4 | 0.5 | 4.4 |
Low fruit and vegetable consumption | 4.2 | NA | 1.5 |
Low fiber | NA | 3.4 | 1.0 |
Processed meat | NA | 0.9 | 0.5 |
Infection | 15.4 | 4.2 | 3.3 |
HBV infection | 4.3 | NA | 0.1 |
HCV infection | 0.7 | NA | 0.1 |
HPV infection | 6.3 | NA | 2.5 |
H. pylori infection | 3.6 | NA | 0.5 |