Pro-inflammatory/anti-tumor
|
IL-1β
|
Stimulates cytotoxicity; serum levels decrease during low-LET radiotherapy [55]
|
Serum ELISA
|
IL-6
|
Pro-inflammatory cytokine, defective expression from lymphocytes in patients with glioma [56]
|
Serum ELISA
|
TNF-α
|
Promotes cell-directed cytotoxicity; reduced levels are associated with GBM [57]
|
Serum ELISA
|
CD3+ lymphocytes
|
Direct immune-mediated cytotoxicity; increased levels are associated with prolonged survival [58]
|
Flow cytometry
|
CD8+ lymphocytes
|
Direct immune-mediated cytotoxicity, increased levels are associated with prolonged survival [58]
|
Flow cytometry
|
Anti-inflammatory/pro-tumor
|
IL-4
|
Induces immunosuppression and tumor tolerance; high levels are associated with GBM [57]
|
Serum ELISA
|
IL-10
|
Induces immunosuppression and tumor tolerance; high levels are associated with GBM [57]
|
Serum ELISA
|
TGF-β
|
Promotes proliferation and immune escape of GBM [59]
|
Serum ELISA
|
Regulatory T cells
|
Secrete IL-10 and TGF-β, suppress CD8-dependent tumor-specific cytotoxicity, and elevated in peripheral blood of GBM patients [60]
|
Flow cytometry
|