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Table 2 Serologic immune markers of GBM
| Marker | Function/correlative findings | Assay |
|---|---|---|
| Pro-inflammatory/anti-tumor | ||
| IL-1β | Stimulates cytotoxicity; serum levels decrease during low-LET radiotherapy [55] | Serum ELISA |
| IL-6 | Pro-inflammatory cytokine, defective expression from lymphocytes in patients with glioma [56] | Serum ELISA |
| TNF-α | Promotes cell-directed cytotoxicity; reduced levels are associated with GBM [57] | Serum ELISA |
| CD3+ lymphocytes | Direct immune-mediated cytotoxicity; increased levels are associated with prolonged survival [58] | Flow cytometry |
| CD8+ lymphocytes | Direct immune-mediated cytotoxicity, increased levels are associated with prolonged survival [58] | Flow cytometry |
| Anti-inflammatory/pro-tumor | ||
| IL-4 | Induces immunosuppression and tumor tolerance; high levels are associated with GBM [57] | Serum ELISA |
| IL-10 | Induces immunosuppression and tumor tolerance; high levels are associated with GBM [57] | Serum ELISA |
| TGF-β | Promotes proliferation and immune escape of GBM [59] | Serum ELISA |
| Regulatory T cells | Secrete IL-10 and TGF-β, suppress CD8-dependent tumor-specific cytotoxicity, and elevated in peripheral blood of GBM patients [60] | Flow cytometry |
