Decreased macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β increase the risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Yang, Meng-Jie; Guo, Jie; Ye, Yan-Fang; Chen, Sui-Hong; Peng, Li-Xia; Lin, Chu-Yang; Hu, Ting; Xie, Shang-Hang; Xie, Chuan-Bo; Huang, Qi-Hong; Lu, Yu-Qiang; Liu, Qing; Qian, Chao-Nan; Cao, Su-Mei

doi:10.1186/s40880-018-0279-y

Table 3 Serum cytokine marker associations with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the case–control and nested case–control studies

From: Decreased macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β increase the risk of developing nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Marker	Case–control study (cases)^a					Nested case–control study (cases)
Marker	NPC patients	Controls	OR₁ (95% CI)	OR₂ (95% CI)	OR₃ (95% CI)	NPC patients	Controls	OR₁ (95% CI)	OR₂ (95% CI)	OR₃ (95% CI)
EGF
Category 1	84	37	Reference	Reference	Reference	19	30	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	38	37	0.45 (0.25–0.82)	0.40 (0.20–0.78)	0.39 (0.20–0.76)	17	33	0.83 (0.35–1.95)	1.18 (0.31–4.55)	1.17 (0.28–4.85)
Category 3	20	37	0.24 (0.12–0.46)	0.29 (0.14–0.60)	0.30 (0.14–0.62)	11	28	0.63 (0.26–1.54)	0.85 (0.24–2.92)	0.87 (0.22–3.43)
Category 4	8	37	0.10 (0.04–0.22)	0.09 (0.04–0.24)	0.09 (0.04–0.24)	13	29	0.71 (0.29–1.73)	0.46 (0.11–1.90)	0.62 (0.14–2.77)
P _trend			< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001			0.383	0.199	0.434
Eotaxin
Category 1	51	37	Reference	Reference	Reference	15	30	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	37	37	0.73 (0.39–1.35)	0.59 (0.29–1.19)	0.62 (0.30–1.25)	15	31	0.97 (0.43–2.21)	1.08 (0.35–3.30)	1.01 (0.31–3.21)
Category 3	32	37	0.63 (0.33–1.18)	0.60 (0.29–1.22)	0.62 (0.30–1.27)	18	29	1.24 (0.53–2.89)	1.22 (0.36–4.12)	1.05 (0.29–3.84)
Category 4	30	37	0.59 (0.31–1.12)	0.50 (0.24–1.03)	0.53 (0.25–1.10)	12	30	0.80 (0.32–2.01)	1.07 (0.34–3.34)	1.06 (0.30–3.74)
P _trend			0.101	0.072	0.103			0.733	0.894	0.921
GCSF
Category 1	57	39	Reference	Reference	Reference	14	31	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	52	31	1.15 (0.63–2.10)	1.29 (0.65–2.54)	1.36 (0.68–2.73)	11	33	0.68 (0.26–1.81)	1.05 (0.25–4.42)	1.14 (0.26–5.08)
Category 3	23	35	0.45 (0.23–0.88)	0.39 (0.18–0.84)	0.39 (0.18–0.86)	13	24	1.21 (0.51–2.88)	2.47 (0.70–8.71)	1.91 (0.50–7.38)
Category 4	11	34	0.22 (0.10–0.49)	0.24 (0.10–0.59)	0.24 (0.10–0.58)	21	29	1.57 (0.65–3.80)	2.33 (0.66–8.22)	2.07 (0.53–8.02)
P _trend			< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001			0.130	0.104	0.232
Fractalkine
Category 1	105	60	Reference	Reference	Reference	19	39	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	33	83	0.23 (0.14–0.38)	0.25 (0.14–0.42)	0.25 (0.14–0.45)	13	32	0.79 (0.33–1.91)	1.47 (0.40–5.34)	1.23 (0.40–5.34)
Category 3						19	32	1.44 (0.65–3.17)	2.52 (0.75–8.50)	3.44 (0.49–21.57)
P _trend								0.244	0.145	0.119
IFN-γ
Category 1	53	33	Reference	Reference	Reference	18	42	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	41	53	0.48 (0.27–0.87)	0.46 (0.23–0.90)	0.47 (0.24–0.92)	21	37	1.34 (0.63–2.86)	1.70 (0.53–5.45)	1.82 (0.52–6.32)
Category 3	46	59	0.49 (0.27–0.87)	0.48 (0.25–0.92)	0.50 (0.26–0.96)	15	37	1.06 (0.46–2.42)	2.31 (0.69–7.68)	2.50 (0.68–9.18)
P _trend			0.092	0.143	0.179			0.966	0.199	0.202
GRO
Category 1	82	34	Reference	Reference	Reference	8	29	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	44	37	0.49 (0.27–0.89)	0.44 (0.23–0.86)	0.44 (0.23–0.86)	15	31	1.62 (0.61–4.31)	0.90 (0.23–3.48)	0.63 (0.14–2.84)
Category 3	18	31	0.24 (0.12–0.49)	0.25 (0.11–0.54)	0.26 (0.12–0.57)	12	30	1.22 (0.41–3.65)	0.52 (0.12–2.34)	0.36 (0.07–1.76)
Category 4	6	34	0.07 (0.03–0.19)	0.08 (0.03–0.21)	0.08 (0.03–0.21)	18	25	2.40 (0.96–6.04)	1.69 (0.50–5.76)	1.01 (0.26–3.87)
P _trend			< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001			0.064	0.229	0.622
MDC
Category 1	27	38	Reference	Reference	Reference	17	33	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	49	36	1.92 (1.00–3.69)	2.27 (1.08–4.75)	2.21 (1.06–4.63)	6	27	0.46 (0.16–1.33)	0.28 (0.06–1.18)	0.29 (0.07–1.22)
Category 3	43	38	1.59 (0.82–3.08)	1.40 (0.67–2.96)	1.46 (0.69–3.07)	18	31	1.17 (0.51–2.72)	1.15 (0.35–3.76)	1.29 (0.36–4.59)
Category 4	30	37	1.14 (0.57–2.27)	1.22 (0.56–2.65)	1.24 (0.57–2.71)	19	29	1.36 (0.55–3.36)	1.59 (0.45–5.69)	1.34 (0.35–5.06)
P _trend			0.860	0.794	0.902			0.261	0.264	0.448
IL-1α
Category 1	125	77	Reference	Reference	Reference	40	73	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	12	51	0.15 (0.07–0.29)	0.17 (0.08–0.37)	0.17 (0.08–0.37)	11	36	0.73 (0.34–1.56)	0.97 (0.38–2.48)	1.17 (0.43–3.17)
IL-7
Category 1	76	69	Reference	Reference	Reference	29	82	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	48	37	1.18 (0.69–2.02)	0.85 (0.46–1.58)	0.85 (0.46–1.60)	26	35	2.01 (1.03–3.93)	1.32 (0.56–3.12)	0.99 (0.39–2.51)
Category 3	19	37	0.47 (0.25–0.89)	0.40 (0.19–0.83)	0.40 (0.19–0.83)
P _trend			0.018	0.014	0.014
IL-8
Category 1	35	35	Reference	Reference	Reference	19	29	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	30	37	0.81 (0.41–1.59)	0.66 (0.31–1.41)	0.68 (0.32–1.45)	20	29	1.05 (0.46–2.42)	1.08 (0.29–3.92)	1.41 (0.36–5.53)
Category 3	38	33	1.15 (0.60–2.23)	0.66 (0.31–1.43)	0.70 (0.32–1.52)	8	27	0.38 (0.13–1.09)	0.18 (0.04–0.96)	0.18 (0.03–1.08)
Category 4	45	34	1.32 (0.69–2.53)	1.05 (0.51–2.18)	1.09 (0.52–2.28)	12	28	0.55 (0.21–1.44)	0.24 (0.04–1.33)	0.26 (0.04–1.83)
P _trend			0.220	0.461	0.412			0.169	0.086	0.167
MCP-1
Category 1	11	38	Reference	Reference	Reference	22	30	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	45	37	4.20 (1.89–9.35)	2.89 (1.20–6.92)	2.84 (1.19–6.80)	6	29	0.17 (0.04–0.65)	0.28 (0.06–1.35)	0.36 (0.07–1.94)
Category 3	48	39	4.25 (1.92–9.40)	3.45 (1.46–8.18)	3.87 (1.62–9.25)	17	30	0.70 (0.30–1.68)	0.52 (0.15–1.77)	0.56 (0.16–1.99)
Category 4	46	36	4.41 (1.98–9.83)	3.15 (1.32–7.56)	3.41 (1.42–8.19)	13	29	0.61 (0.24–1.53)	0.48 (0.14–1.71)	0.45 (0.12–1.73)
P _trend			0.006	0.043	0.023			0.618	0.375	0.279
MIP-1α
Category 1	83	66	Reference	Reference	Reference	20	31	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	34	42	0.64 (0.37–1.12)	0.58 (0.31–1.09)	0.60 (0.32–1.14)	14	29	0.81 (0.35–1.89)	0.92 (0.30–2.87)	0.73 (0.25–2.13)
Category 3	33	42	0.63 (0.36–1.09)	0.48 (0.25–0.92)	0.49 (0.26–0.95)	21	30	1.15 (0.47–2.83)	1.33 (0.35–5.05)	1.24 (0.47–3.26)
Category 4						5	30	0.29 (0.10–0.85)	0.16 (0.03–0.98)	0.13 (0.03–0.62)
P _trend			0.132	0.034	0.045			0.020	0.025	0.009
MIP-1β
Category 1	47	37	Reference	Reference	Reference	21	30	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	43	37	0.92 (0.49–1.69)	0.83 (0.41–1.65)	0.85 (0.42–1.70)	17	30	0.84 (0.38–1.85)	0.67 (0.23–1.96)	0.62 (0.20–1.88)
Category 3	35	37	0.75 (0.40–1.40)	0.69 (0.34–1.40)	0.69 (0.34–1.41)	12	30	0.78 (0.34–1.76)	0.63 (0.20–2.03)	0.55 (0.15–2.02)
Category 4	23	37	0.49 (0.25–0.96)	0.45 (0.21–0.97)	0.47 (0.22–1.00)	10	29	0.39 (0.16–0.99)	0.23 (0.06–0.91)	0.20 (0.04–0.94)
P _trend			0.029	0.034	0.041			0.048	0.037	0.043
VEGF
Category 1	35	39	Reference	Reference	Reference	15	31	Reference	Reference	Reference
Category 2	34	34	1.11 (0.58–2.15)	0.88 (0.41–1.87)	0.81 (0.38–1.74)	8	29	0.62 (0.22–1.75)	0.46 (0.10–2.08)	0.42 (0.09–1.99)
Category 3	27	36	0.84 (0.43–1.64)	0.85 (0.40–1.83)	0.84 (0.40–1.81)	23	30	1.61 (0.65–3.96)	0.73 (0.18–2.98)	0.58 (0.13–2.61)
Category 4	44	36	1.36 (0.72–2.57)	1.25 (0.61–2.57)	1.26 (0.61–2.59)	13	29	0.97 (0.37–2.51)	0.78 (0.24–2.57)	0.67 (0.18–2.48)
P _trend			0.366	0.433	0.391			0.821	0.926	0.784

NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma, OR₁ odds ratio computed using logistic regression adjusted for gender and age, OR₂ computed using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, and anti-Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 immunoglobulin A antibody (EBNA1/IgA), OR₃ computed using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, salted fish consumption, family history, and EBNA1/IgA, CI confidence interval, Category 1 lower than the lower limit of detection among controls with less than three groups or the first quartile with four groups, Category 2 detectable level with two groups, lower than median detectable level among controls with three groups, or in the second quartile with four groups, Category 3 higher than the median detectable level with three groups or in the third quartile with four groups, Category 4 in the fourth quartile among controls, P_trend computed using Wald statistic of regression model parameters for marker intracategory medians modeled as a continuous variable, EGF epidermal growth factor, GCSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IFN-γ interferon gamma, GRO growth-regulated oncogene, MDC macrophage-derived chemokine, IL-1α interleukin-1 alpha, IL-7 interleukin-7, IL-8 interleukin-8, MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1, MIP-1α macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, MIP-1β macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
^aSamples were excluded from the analysis process for the corresponding marker if the marker serum level of each sample exceeded three times the quartile range above the median

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