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Table 2 Genes involved in biological processes related to metabolisms of glutamine and glutamate

From: Systematic analyses of glutamine and glutamate metabolisms across different cancer types

Processa

Gene(s)

A1. Glutamine uptake

SLC1A5, SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A5

A2. Glutamine synthesis

GLUL

A3. Glutamate uptake

SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A6, SLC1A7

A4. Glutamate synthesis

GLS, GLS2, PFAS, GMPS, CAD, CTPS, CTPS2

B1. Purine de novo synthesis from glutamine

PPAT

B2. Purine synthesis by salvage from adenosine

APRT, ADA, ADK

B3. Purine synthesis by salvage from guanosine

APRT, HPRT1

B4. Purine synthesis by salvage from inosine

HPRT1

B5. Adenosine uptake

SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3, SLC29A4

B6. Guanosine uptake

SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3

B7. Inosine uptake

SLC28A2, SLC28A3

C1. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis from glutamine

CAD

C2. Pyrimidine synthesis by salvage from cytidine

UCK1, UCK2, UCKl1

C3. Pyrimidine synthesis by salvage from uridine

UCK1, UCK2, UCKl1, UPP1, UPP2, UPRT

C4. Cytidine uptake

SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3

C5. Uridine uptake

SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3

D1. Glycolysis

HK1, HK2, HK3, HKDC1, GCK, PFKL, PFKM, PFKP, PKLR, PKM2

D2. Oxidative phosphorylation

ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5I, ATP5 J, ATP5J2, ATP5L, ATP5O

D3. Glucose uptake

SLC2A1, SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC2A5, SLC2A6, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC2A10, SLC2A12, SLC2A14, SLC5A2, SLC5A1, SLC5A4, SLC5A9, SLC5A10

E1. Lipid synthesis

ACACA, ACACB, FASN

E2. Lipid uptake

FABP1, FABP2, FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FABP6, FABP7, FABP12, APOBR, CD36, CXCL16, ILDR1, LDLR, LRP1, LRP10, LRP12, LRP2, LRP6, LRP8, OLR1, SCARB1, STAB 1, STAB 2, VLDLR

F1. UDP-GlcNAc synthesis from glutamine

HK1, HK2, HK3, HKDC1, GCK, GFPT1, GFPT2

F2. UDP-GlcNAc synthesis from glucosamine

HK1, HK2, HK3, HKDC1, GNPNAT1, PGM3, UAP1, UAP1L1

F3. Glucosamine uptake

SLC2A2

G1. Asparagine synthesis from glutamine

ASNS

G2. Asparagine uptake

SLC1A5, SLC38A3, SLC38A7

G3. Exchange of asparagine for other amino acids

SLC1A4, SLC7A1, SLC7A5

H1. Proline synthesis from glutamine

ALDH18A1, PYCR1, PYCR2, PYCRL

H2. Proline synthesis from arginine

ARG1, ARG2, OAT, PYCR1, PYCR2, PYCRL

H3. Proline uptake

SLC1A4, SLC6A7, SLC6A15, SLC36A4, SLC36A1, SLC36A2, SLC36A3

H4. Arginine uptake

SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, PQLC2

H5. Arginine synthesis

ASS1

I1. Serine synthesis from glutamine

PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH

I2. Serine uptake

SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC7A1, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, SLC38A7, SERINC1, SERINC2, SERINC3, SERINC4, SERINC5

J1. GSH synthesis from glutamate

GCLC, GCLM, GSS

J2. TXN and catalase synthesis

TXN, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, CAD

  1. aThe first letter in each item including A–J represents each group of genes that have the same biological process
  2. UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; GSH, glutathione; TXN, thioredoxin; SLC1A5, solute carrier family 1 member 5; GLUL, glutamate–ammonia ligase; GLS, glutaminase; PFAS, phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase; GMPS, guanine monophosphate synthase; CAD, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase; CTPS1, CTP synthase 1; PPAT, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; APRT, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; ADA, adenosine deaminase; ADK, adenosine kinase; HPRT1, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1; UCK1, uridine–cytidine kinase 1; UCKl1, uridine–cytidine kinase 1 like 1; UPP1, uridine phosphorylase 1; UPRT, uracil phosphoribosyltransferase homolog; HK1, hexokinase 1; HKDC1, hexokinase domain containing 1; GCK, glucokinase; PFKL, phosphofructokinase, liver type; PFKM, phosphofructokinase, muscle; PKLR, pyruvate kinase, liver and RBC; PKM2, pyruvate kinase, muscle; ATP5A1, ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle; ACACA, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha; FASN, fatty acid synthase; FABP1, fatty acid binding protein 1; APOBR, apolipoprotein B receptor; CD36, CD36 molecule; CXCL16, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16; ILDR1, immunoglobulin like domain containing receptor 1; LDLR, low density lipoprotein receptor; LRP1, LDL receptor related protein 1; OLR1, oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1; SCARB1, scavenger receptor class B member 1; STAB 1, stabilin 1; VLDLR, very low density lipoprotein receptor; GFPT1, glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1; GNPNAT1, glucosamine-phosphate N-acetyltransferase 1; PGM3, phosphoglucomutase 3; UAP1, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1; UAP1L1, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 like 1; ASNS, asparagine synthetase; ALDH18A1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1; PYCR1, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1; PYCRL, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase-like; ARG1, arginase 1; OAT, ornithine aminotransferase; PQLC2, PQ loop repeat containing 2; ASS1, argininosuccinate synthase 1; PSAT1, phosphoserine aminotransferase 1; PSPH, phosphoserine phosphatase; SERINC1, serine incorporator 1; SGCLC, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit; GSS, glutathione synthetase; TXNRD1, thioredoxin reductase 1
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Cancer Communications

ISSN: 2523-3548

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