Fig. 2

Upstream regulators and downstream effectors of metastasis-associated proteins (MTAs) in human cancers. Upstream regulators that directly or indirectly up-regulate or down-regulate MTA1 (a), MTA2 (b), and MTA3 (c) are listed on the left side, whereas downstream effectors that are directly or indirectly regulated by MTAs are listed on the corresponding right side. VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, AKT protein kinase, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NF-κB nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor beta 1, HBx hepatitis B viral protein, EIF5A2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-2, ARF alternative reading frame, COP1 coat protein 1, 15-LOX-1 15-lipoxygenase-1, SUMO2 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2, CXCL1 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, BCAS3 breast carcinoma-amplified sequence 3, TG2 transglutaminase 2, Pax-5 paired box protein 5, STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, HIF-α hypoxia-inducible factor-α, MMP-9 matrix metallopeptidase 9, miR-125b microRNA-125b, ERα estrogen receptor alpha, BRCA1 breast cancer 1, NR4A1 nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1, Gαi2 Gi alpha subunit 2, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, SMAD7 mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, Sp1 specificity protein 1, p120ctn p120 catenin, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, GDIα GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, hBD-3 human β-defensin 3, IL-11 interleukin-11, PELP1 proline, glutamic acid, leucine-rich protein 1, MTA1 s metastasis-associated protein 1s, PRMD1 PR domain containing 1, with ZNF domain, ZEB2 zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2