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Table 2 Association between lifestyle variables, dietary habits, and weaning practices and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

From: Associations of lifestyle and diet with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Singapore: a case–control study

Variable

Matched-pair analysis

P valuee

No. of cases (%)

No. of controls (%)

Crude OR (95% CI)

Lifestyle

 Tobacco smoking

  Never

146 (50.3)

212 (73.1)

1

 

  Current

79 (27.2)

33 (11.4)

4.50 (2.61–7.78)

<0.001

  Former

65 (22.4)

45 (15.5)

2.37 (1.48–3.79)

<0.001

 Alcohol consumptiona

  No

114 (39.3)

120 (41.4)

1

 

  Yes

176 (60.7)

170 (58.6)

1.11 (0.77–1.59)

0.581

Dietaryb

 Salted fish

  Never/rarely

251 (86.6)

264 (92.0)

1

 

  Monthly

32 (11.0)

20 (7.0)

1.67 (0.93–2.99)

0.087

  Weekly/daily

7 (2.4)

3 (1.0)

2.33 (0.60–9.02)

0.220

  P-trend

   

0.033

 Salted meat

  Never/rarely

222 (76.8)

248 (86.4)

1

 

  Monthly

47 (16.3)

28 (9.8)

2.04 (1.18–3.50)

0.010

  Weekly/daily

20 (6.9)

11 (3.8)

2.18 (0.97–4.89)

0.059

  P-trend

   

0.003

 Salted vegetables

  Never/rarely

205 (70.7)

237 (81.7)

1

 

  Monthly

61 (21.0)

46 (15.9)

1.54 (0.99–2.39)

0.053

  Weekly/daily

24 (8.3)

7 (2.4)

3.70 (1.58–8.64)

0.002

  P-trend

   

<0.001

 Smoked fish

  Never/rarely

264 (98.5)

259 (89.9)

1

 

  Monthly

22 (7.6)

26 (9.0)

0.84 (0.47–1.50)

0.555

  Weekly/daily

4 (1.4)

3 (1.0)

1.33 (0.30–5.96)

0.706

  P-trend

   

0.816

 Smoked meat

  Never/rarely

240 (82.8)

231 (79.9)

1

 

  Monthly

39 (13.5)

51 (17.7)

0.75 (0.47–1.18)

0.214

  Weekly/daily

11 (3.8)

7 (2.4)

1.52 (0.55–4.24)

0.419

  P-trend

   

0.538

 Preserved vegetables

  Never/rarely

216 (74.5)

230 (81.0)

1

 

  Monthly

56 (19.3)

44 (15.5)

1.33 (0.85–2.07)

0.213

  Weekly/daily

18 (6.2)

10 (3.5)

1.86 (0.82–4.23)

0.138

  P-trend

   

0.061

 Rusip/Chincalupc

  Never/rarely

277 (95.9)

268 (96.8)

1

 

  Monthly

10 (3.5)

5 (1.8)

1.93 (0.66–5.68)

0.232

  Weekly/daily

2 (0.7)

4 (1.4)

0.55 (0.10–3.06)

0.496

  P-trend

   

0.866

Weaning practicesd

 Breastfed

  No

70 (24.1)

83 (28.6)

1

 

  Yes

134 (46.2)

141 (48.6)

1.29 (0.83–2.02)

0.259

  Unknown

86 (29.7)

66 (22.8)

  

 Porridge

  No

4 (1.4)

10 (3.5)

1

 

  Yes

218 (75.2)

212 (73.1)

2.25 (0.69–7.31)

0.177

  Unknown

68 (23.5)

68 (23.5)

  

 Salted fish

  No

117 (40.3)

164 (56.6)

1

 

  Yes

59 (20.3)

27 (9.3)

2.21 (1.18–4.16)

0.014

  Unknown

114 (39.3)

99 (34.1)

  

 Salted meat

  No

126 (43.5)

169 (58.3)

1

 

  Yes

43 (14.8)

17 (5.9)

2.56 (1.18–5.52)

0.017

  Unknown

121 (41.7)

104 (35.9)

  

 Preserved vegetables

  No

121 (41.7)

157 (54.1)

1

 

  Yes

53 (18.3)

32 (11.0)

2.15 (1.12–4.16)

0.003

  Unknown

116 (40.0)

101 (34.8)

  

 Tin/canned food

  No

104 (35.9)

142 (49.0)

1

 

  Yes

75 (25.9)

45 (15.5)

1.78 (1.0–3.17)

0.051

  Unknown

111 (38.3)

103 (35.5)

  

 Pre-chewed food

  No

119 (41.0)

154 (53.1)

1

 

  Yes

51 (17.6)

59 (20.3)

1.68 (1.0–2.85)

0.053

  Unknown

120 (41.4)

77 (26.6)

  
  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aInclusive of current and past drinkers
  3. bAnalysis excludes missing values (range, 1–13 missing values)
  4. cTraditional food of Bangka people and is made from fermented anchovies
  5. dAnalysis excludes the cases and controls with unknown data
  6. eBased on conditional logistic regression, P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant
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Cancer Communications

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