Fig. 1

Different clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell lines have different biological behaviors after orthotopic inoculation of the cancer cells into the subrenal capsule area. Inoculation of cancer cells into the subrenal capsule area of nude mice to generate an orthotopic renal cancer model was applied to evaluate the different biological behaviors of ccRCC cells. The tumor composed of the RXF393 cell line induced cachexia in the host, leading to a moribund condition, even when the primary tumor was small (green dashed circle). The tumor composed of the SN12C cell line could not induce cachexia or metastasis, even when the primary tumor was very large (green dashed circle). The tumor composed of the SKRC39 cell line could generate heavy lung metastases (blue dashed line), but not cachexia